Acid Base Balance

Physiology of acid base balance

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Which of the following best defines acidosis?

A physiological process that tends to decrease blood pH

A state in which blood pH is decreased

A condition caused only by an increase in strong acids

A phenomenon explained solely by the law of mass action

None

Which of the following mechanisms does the human body use to maintain acid-base homeostasis?

Neutralization via buffer system

Compensation by the respiratory system

Compensation by the renal system

All the above

None

Which of the following best describes a buffer system?

Buffers actively add or remove acid from the body

Buffers resist changes in pH by neutralizing excess H⁺ or OH⁻ ions

A buffer is composed of a strong acid and its conjugate base

The phosphate buffer system is the largest buffer system in the body

None

Which of the following statements best explains the relationship between the Law of Mass Action and the pKa of a buffer system in the context of acid-base balance?

The pKa is the pH at which the buffer is completely dissociated, independent of the Law of Mass Action

The Law of Mass Action governs the equilibrium position of a buffer system, and the pKa represents the pH at which the concentrations of acid and conjugate base are equal

The Law of Mass Action only applies to strong acids and is unrelated to buffering capacity

A buffer system with a pKa far from physiological pH has the greatest buffering capacity due to Law of Mass Action

None

The efficacy of a buffer system depends on all of the following factors except:

The concentration of the buffer system

The pKa of the buffer relative to the physiological pH

Whether the buffer system is open or closed

Lactate concentration

None

Pick up the correct statement about bicarbonate buffer system.

Open buffer system

Smallest buffer system in the body

Least effective buffer system

Independent of renal function

None

Why is the bicarbonate buffer system less effective in respiratory acid-base disorders?

It is a closed buffer system and cannot eliminate CO₂

It cannot buffer changes in H⁺ concentration

CO₂ is part of the buffer pair and accumulates in respiratory disorders

The kidneys rapidly eliminate excess CO₂ in such conditions.

None

Which of the following best describes the role of respiratory compensation in acid-base disorders?

It increases bicarbonate reabsorption in metabolic acidosis

It eliminates fixed acids like lactic acid through the lungs

It adjusts ventilation to regulate CO₂ levels in response to metabolic disturbances

It corrects primary respiratory acid-base disorders by altering breathing pattern

None

Which of the following best describes the role of the kidneys in acid-base balance?

Maximum bicarbonate resorption takes place at proximal tubules

Maximum acid secretion happens in the proximal convoluted tubule

Aldosterone acts in the intercalated B cells

All statements are false

None

10.

In the context of acid-base balance, which of the following best explains the contribution of the liver to systemic acid load under normal physiological conditions?

Hepatic conversion of lactate to glucose during gluconeogenesis generates hydrogen ions and consumes bicarbonate

Ureagenesis in the liver consumes bicarbonate and generates ammonium, leading to metabolic alkalosis

Hepatic metabolism of glutamine generates bicarbonate, which buffers non-volatile acids

The liver excretes excess hydrogen ions into bile, helping maintain systemic pH

None

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